Rice (Oryza sativa) is a plant of the
grass family which feeds more than half of the world's human population.
Rice cultivation is well suited to poor countries because - though it is
very labor-intensive to cultivate - with plenty of water for irrigation
it can be grown practically anywhere, even on steep hillsides. Rice is
the world's third largest crop, behind maize and wheat.
VARIETIES OF RICE
There are about 40,000 varieties of rice. Some types of Specialty Rice
are:
- Basmati Rice
- Kalijira Rice
- Para Rice
- Rissotto
- Lousiana Rice
- Red Rice
- Black Rice
- Carolina Rice
- Jasmine Rice
- Arboria Rice
- Della Rice
- Texamati
- Wehani
Indian rice varieties include
- long-grained Basmati (grown in the North)
- medium-grained Patna
- short-grained Masoori
India in World Rice Industry
India produces about 80 million tonnes of rice annually.
| Country |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
| Thailand |
6,679 |
6,549 |
7,521 |
7,500 |
7,500 |
| India |
2,752 |
1,449 |
1,936 |
4,500 |
4,000 |
| Vietnam |
4,555 |
3,370 |
3,528 |
2,800 |
3,500 |
| United States |
2,644 |
2,847 |
2,541 |
2,950 |
2,950 |
| China |
2,708 |
2,951 |
1,847 |
1,500 |
2,250 |
| Burma |
57 |
159 |
670 |
1,500 |
1,500 |
| Pakistan |
1,838 |
2,026 |
2,417 |
1,250 |
800 |
| Uruguay |
681 |
642 |
806 |
650 |
650 |
| Australia |
667 |
617 |
618 |
400 |
500 |
| Egypt |
320 |
500 |
705 |
500 |
500 |
| EU |
348 |
308 |
275 |
275 |
325 |
| Argentina |
674 |
332 |
363 |
350 |
300 |
| Guyana |
252 |
167 |
175 |
150 |
175 |
| Others |
766 |
929 |
1,051 |
624 |
614 |
| World Total |
24,941 |
22,846 |
24,453 |
24,949 |
25,564 |
Units : Thousand metric tons
Factors Influencing Rice Markets
- Enterprise capacities :Management capacity, organization of
export trade, linkages and market presence
- Transport and storage :Transport conditions and cost are
particularly sensitive factors for ACP exports, especially for the
numerous land-locked and island countries. Organizing logistics is a
core competency for most exporters from ACP countries.
- Government policies : Exchange rates, Fiscal policies, Export
incentives and export promotion
All-India Area, Production And Yield Of Rice
State-Wise Area, Production And Yield Of Rice (1997-98)
| State |
Area
(M.hects) |
% of Total
Area |
Production
(M.tonnes) |
% of Total
Production |
Yield
(Kgs/Hect) |
% Coverage
under Irrigation(1995-96) |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
12 |
| ANDHRA PRADESH |
3.5 |
8.1 |
8.51 |
10.3 |
2431 |
94.8 |
| ASSAM |
2.49 |
5.7 |
3.38 |
4.1 |
1359 |
33.8 |
| BIHAR |
4.98 |
11.5 |
6.77 |
8.2 |
1362 |
40.2 |
| GUJARAT |
0.67 |
1.5 |
1.04 |
1.3 |
1550 |
55.6 |
| HARYANA |
0.91 |
2.1 |
2.55 |
3.1 |
2797 |
99.4 |
| JAMMU & KASHMIR |
0.28 |
0.6 |
0.55 |
0.7 |
1992 |
91.2 |
| KARNATAKA |
1.38 |
3.2 |
3.33 |
4 |
2419 |
66.8 |
| KERALA |
0.4 |
0.9 |
0.66 |
0.8 |
1636 |
49.9 |
| MADHYA PRADESH |
5.4 |
12.4 |
4.49 |
5.5 |
831 |
23.7 |
| MAHARASHTRA |
1.48 |
3.4 |
2.39 |
2.9 |
1621 |
26.3 |
| ORISSA |
4.5 |
10.4 |
6.2 |
7.5 |
1380 |
35.5 |
| PUNJAB |
2.28 |
5.3 |
7.9 |
9.6 |
3465 |
99.1 |
| TAMIL NADU |
2.36 |
5.4 |
7.05 |
8.6 |
2987 |
92 |
| UTTAR PRADESH |
5.66 |
13 |
12.17 |
14.8 |
2148 |
62.3 |
| WEST BENGAL |
5.9 |
13.6 |
13.24 |
16.1 |
2243 |
27.2 |
| OTHERS |
1.23 |
2.8 |
2.07 |
2.5 |
. |
. |
| ALL-INDIA |
43.42 |
100 |
82.3 |
100 |
1895 |
50.1 |
India Area, Production And Yield Of Rice
| Year |
Area
(M.hects) |
Production
(M.tonnes) |
Yield
(kgs/hect) |
%
CoverageIrrigation |
| 1949-50 |
30.52 |
23.54 |
771 |
32.3 |
| 1950-51 |
30.81 |
20.58 |
668 |
31.7 |
| 1951-52 |
29.83 |
21.3 |
714 |
31.7 |
| 1952-53 |
29.97 |
22.9 |
764 |
32.3 |
| 1953-54 |
31.29 |
28.21 |
902 |
33.6 |
| 1954-55 |
30.77 |
25.22 |
820 |
34.4 |
| 1955-56 |
31.52 |
27.56 |
874 |
34.9 |
| 1956-57 |
32.28 |
29.04 |
900 |
35.4 |
| 1957-58 |
32.3 |
25.53 |
790 |
36.4 |
| 1958-59 |
33.17 |
30.85 |
930 |
36.3 |
| 1959-60 |
33.82 |
31.68 |
937 |
35.8 |
| 1960-61 |
34.13 |
34.58 |
1013 |
36.8 |
| 1961-62 |
34.69 |
35.66 |
1028 |
37.5 |
| 1962-63 |
35.69 |
33.21 |
931 |
37.4 |
| 1963-64 |
35.81 |
37 |
1033 |
37.1 |
| 1964-65 |
36.46 |
39.31 |
1078 |
37.3 |
| 1965-66 |
35.47 |
30.59 |
862 |
36.5 |
| 1966-67 |
35.25 |
30.44 |
863 |
37.9 |
| 1967-68 |
36.44 |
37.61 |
1032 |
38.6 |
| 1968-69 |
36.97 |
39.76 |
1076 |
38.4 |
| 1969-70 |
37.68 |
40.43 |
1073 |
38.2 |
| 1970-71 |
37.59 |
42.22 |
1123 |
38.4 |
| 1971-72 |
37.76 |
43.07 |
1141 |
37.2 |
| 1972-73 |
36.69 |
39.24 |
1070 |
39.1 |
| 1973-74 |
38.29 |
44.05 |
1151 |
38.4 |
| 1974-75 |
37.89 |
39.58 |
1045 |
38.8 |
| 1975-76 |
39.48 |
48.74 |
1235 |
38.7 |
| 1976-77 |
38.51 |
41.92 |
1088 |
38.4 |
| 1977-78 |
40.28 |
52.67 |
1308 |
40.2 |
| 1978-79 |
40.48 |
53.77 |
1328 |
41.6 |
| 1979-80 |
39.42 |
42.33 |
1074 |
42.8 |
| 1980-81 |
40.15 |
53.63 |
1336 |
40.7 |
| 1981-82 |
40.71 |
53.25 |
1308 |
41.5 |
| 1982-83 |
38.26 |
47.12 |
1231 |
42 |
| 1983-84 |
41.24 |
60.1 |
1457 |
42.7 |
| 1984-85 |
41.16 |
58.34 |
1417 |
43.7 |
| 1985-86 |
41.14 |
63.83 |
1552 |
42.9 |
| 1986-87 |
41.17 |
60.56 |
1471 |
44.1 |
| 1987-88 |
38.81 |
56.86 |
1465 |
43.6 |
| 1988-89 |
41.73 |
70.49 |
1689 |
45.8 |
| 1989-90 |
42.17 |
73.57 |
1745 |
46.1 |
| 1990-91 |
42.69 |
74.29 |
1740 |
45.5 |
| 1991-92 |
42.65 |
74.68 |
1751 |
47.3 |
| 1992-93 |
41.78 |
72.86 |
1744 |
48 |
| 1993-94 |
42.54 |
80.3 |
1888 |
48.6 |
| 1994-95 |
42.81 |
81.81 |
1911 |
49.8 |
| 1995-96 |
42.84 |
76.98 |
1797 |
50.1 |
| 1996-97 |
43.43 |
81.74 |
1882 |
. |
| 1997-98 |
43.42 |
82.3 |
1895 |
. |
World Rice Supply and Disposition
| |
1997-98 |
1998-99 |
1999-00 |
2000-01 |
2001-02 |
2001-00 |
1997-01 |
| Beg.Stocks - (Million Tonnes) |
115.6 |
122.5 |
128.8 |
142.92 |
137.58 |
-3.7 |
129.48 |
| Production |
386.8 |
394 |
408.4 |
395.63 |
395.71 |
|
396.11 |
| TOTALSUPPLY |
502.4 |
516.5 |
537.2 |
538.55 |
533.29 |
-1 |
525.59 |
| TOTALUSAGE |
379.9 |
387.8 |
398.52 |
400.97 |
405.86 |
1.2 |
394.61 |
| ENDINGSTOCKS |
122.5 |
128.8 |
142.92 |
137.58 |
127.44 |
-7.4 |
131.85 |
| Stocks/Use% |
32.2 |
33.2 |
35.9 |
34.3 |
31.4 |
-8.5 |
33.4 |
| Trade |
18.85 |
27.67 |
24.93 |
22.87 |
22.26 |
-2.7 |
23.32 |
- Rice is the second largest produced cereal in the world.
- At the beginning of the 1990s, annual production was around 350
million tons.
- By the end of the century it had reached 410 million tons.
- World production totaled 395 million tons of milled rice in
2003.
- In 2002 it was 387 million tons.
Production is geographically concentrated in Western and Easter
Asia with more than 90 percent of world output. China and India, which
account for more than one-third of global population (52,3% over the
1999-2003 period), supply over half of the world's rice. Brazil is the
most important non-Asian producer, followed by the United States. Italy
ranks first in Europe.
World production has shown a significant and very steady growth, almost
exclusively due to increasing production in Western and Eastern Asia.
International trade
International rice trade is estimated between 25 and 27 million tons
per year, which corresponds to only 5-6 percent of world production. It
makes the international rice market one of the smallest in the world
compared to other grain markets such as wheat (113 million tons) and
corn (80 million tons).
Besides the traditional main exporters (Thailand, Vietnam, India and
Pakistan), a relatively important but still limited part of rice traded
worldwide comes from developed countries in Mediterranean Europe and the
United States. There are two major forces behind this: new food habits
in developed countries and new market niches in developing countries.
Export and import of Rice and its policies
The chart below denotes the importance of rice production and
international trading in the major exporting and importing countries, as
well as their trading policies.
| Exporting countries |
Share of paddy
rice world production, average from 1995 à 2002 |
Share of world
exports, every type of rice, average from 1995 à 2001. |
Trading policies |
| Thailand |
4,2 % |
26% |
Subsidy to exportsDomestic price
support through governmental purchases and buffer stocks/seasonal
storage |
| Vietnam |
5% |
15% |
Minimum export price fixed by the
governmentMinimum domestic price |
| India |
22% |
10% |
Production support. Purchases above
the minimum price. Exports tax or incentive, depending on the rice
volume available in domestic market. |
| United-States |
1,5% |
11% |
Cf. US rice policy |
| Importing countries |
Share of paddy
rice world production, average from 1998 à 2002 |
Share of world
imports, every type of rice, average from 1998 à 2002. |
Customs
Tariff, NPF, average 1999 |
Trading
policies |
| Indonesia |
8,5% |
13,5% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| European Union |
0,4% |
3,5% (échanges intra UE
exclus) 7,7% (échanges intra UE inclus) |
7,7 |
N.A. |
N.A. |
Cf. scheme |
| Brazil |
1,7% |
3,4% |
8,7 |
13 |
14 |
|
| Bangladesh |
3,4% |
4,5% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Japan |
2,2% |
2% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Cf. Japan rice policy |
| China |
32% |
1% |
114 |
114 |
114 |
|