A sweet white (or brownish yellow)
crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by
crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane,
sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and
preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially
sucrose.
Varieties of Sugar
- White, refined sugar
- Caster sugar
- Icing sugar
- Icing mixture
- Brown sugar
- Dark brown sugar
- Raw sugar
- Golden demerara
- Golden syrup
- Treacle
- Molasses
- Caramel
Decoration and specialty sugars
Majority of the sugarcane produced in India is of the following hybrid
varieties: S Sinense, S. Barberi, CO-213, CO 223, CO 312, CO 313, CO
419, CO 1148, CO 740 and COS 767
Sugar producing areas in India
In India the major sugar cane producing areas are Andhra Pradesh,
Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal.
India in World Sugar Industry
With over 450 sugar mills, India is the largest sugar producer in the
world. Over 11 million tons of refined sugar is produced, accounting for
60% of the total sugar cane cultivated. Following is the Indian export
statistics for sugarcane that counts to about 811027.5 M. Tonnes in the
year 2000- 2001.
| Countries |
Sugarcane quantity in M.
Tonnes |
| Bangladesh |
162500 |
| Sri Lanka |
94587 |
| Pakistan |
367530 |
| Yemen |
22500 |
| Afghanistan |
9120 |
| Canada |
105 |
| EEC Quota |
10017 |
| Indonesia |
80586 |
| Dubai |
3600 |
| Portugal |
10460 |
| Singapore |
710 |
| Iraq |
12500 |
| China |
18200 |
| Vietnam |
5000 |
| Iran |
2000 |
| Malay |
4000 |
| Malaysia |
1612.5 |
| Others |
6000 |
Factors Influencing Sugar Markets
- Price
- Refinery activity
- Consumer income
- Ccandy and confectionery sales
- Changing eating habits
- Sugars use in new technologies, such as ethanol production for
automobile fuel.
All-India Area, Production And Yield Of Sugar
ALL-INDIA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE (CANE)
| YEAR |
AREA
(M.HECTS) |
PRODUCTION
(M.TONNES) |
YIELD
(KGS/HECT) |
% COVERAGE UNDER
IRRIGATION |
| 1949-50 |
1.47 |
50.17 |
34201 |
65.4 |
| 1950-51 |
1.71 |
57.05 |
33422 |
67.3 |
| 1951-52 |
1.94 |
61.63 |
31786 |
68.8 |
| 1952-53 |
1.73 |
51 |
29495 |
66.3 |
| 1953-54 |
1.41 |
44.41 |
31497 |
67.7 |
| 1954-55 |
1.62 |
58.74 |
36303 |
68.8 |
| 1955-56 |
1.85 |
60.54 |
32779 |
67.2 |
| 1956-57 |
2.05 |
69.05 |
33683 |
64.9 |
| 1957-58 |
2.07 |
71.16 |
34325 |
65.2 |
| 1958-59 |
1.95 |
73.36 |
37658 |
67.4 |
| 1959-60 |
2.14 |
77.82 |
36414 |
67.9 |
| 1960-61 |
2.42 |
110 |
45549 |
69.3 |
| 1961-62 |
2.46 |
103.97 |
42349 |
68 |
| 1962-63 |
2.24 |
91.91 |
40996 |
67.8 |
| 1963-64 |
2.25 |
104.23 |
46353 |
69.6 |
| 1964-65 |
2.6 |
121.91 |
46838 |
71.5 |
| 1965-66 |
2.84 |
123.99 |
43717 |
71.1 |
| 1966-67 |
2.3 |
92.83 |
40336 |
71 |
| 1967-68 |
2.05 |
95.5 |
40665 |
74.1 |
| 1968-69 |
2.53 |
124.68 |
49236 |
76.9 |
| 1969-70 |
2.75 |
135.02 |
49121 |
75.5 |
| 1970-71 |
2.62 |
126.37 |
48322 |
72.4 |
| 1971-72 |
2.39 |
113.57 |
47511 |
71.8 |
| 1972-73 |
2.45 |
124.87 |
50933 |
75 |
| 1973-74 |
2.75 |
140.81 |
51163 |
76.5 |
| 1974-75 |
2.89 |
144.29 |
49855 |
77.9 |
| 1975-76 |
2.76 |
140.6 |
50903 |
78 |
| 1976-77 |
2.87 |
153.01 |
53383 |
77.2 |
| 1977-78 |
3.15 |
176.97 |
56160 |
78.1 |
| 1978-79 |
3.09 |
151.66 |
49114 |
77.8 |
| 1979-80 |
2.61 |
128.83 |
49358 |
77.2 |
| 1980-81 |
2.67 |
154.25 |
57844 |
81.2 |
| 1981-82 |
3.19 |
186.36 |
58359 |
82.3 |
| 1982-83 |
3.36 |
189.51 |
56441 |
80.5 |
| 1983-84 |
3.11 |
174.08 |
55978 |
80.3 |
| 1984-85 |
2.95 |
170.32 |
57673 |
83.6 |
| 1985-86 |
2.85 |
170.65 |
59889 |
84.5 |
| 1986-87 |
3.08 |
186.09 |
60444 |
85.4 |
| 1987-88 |
3.28 |
196.74 |
60006 |
85.6 |
| 1988-89 |
3.33 |
203.04 |
60992 |
86.2 |
| 1989-90 |
3.44 |
225.57 |
65612 |
86.9 |
| 1990-91 |
3.69 |
241.05 |
65395 |
86.9 |
| 1991-92 |
3.84 |
254 |
66069 |
88 |
| 1992-93 |
3.57 |
228.03 |
63843 |
88.3 |
| 1993-94 |
3.42 |
229.66 |
67120 |
89 |
| 1994-95 |
3.87 |
275.54 |
71254 |
87.9 |
| 1995-96 |
4.15 |
281.1 |
67787 |
88.5 |
| 1996-97 |
4.17 |
277.56 |
66496 |
|
| 1997-98 |
3.97 |
276.25 |
69647 |
|
STATE-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE (CANE)
| 1997-98 |
| STATE |
AREA
(M.HECTS) |
% OF TOTAL AREA |
PRODUCTION (M.TONNES) |
% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION |
YIELD
(KGS/HECT) |
% COVERAGE UNDER IRRIGATION (1995-96) |
| -1 |
-2 |
-3 |
-4 |
-5 |
-6 |
-12 |
| ANDHRA PRADESH |
0.19 |
4.8 |
13.73 |
5 |
72263 |
95 |
| ASSAM |
0.03 |
0.8 |
1.29 |
0.5 |
43000 |
- |
| BIHAR |
0.11 |
2.8 |
5.04 |
1.8 |
45818 |
22.4 |
| GUJARAT |
0.17 |
4.3 |
11.84 |
4.3 |
69647 |
100 |
| HARYANA |
0.14 |
3.5 |
7.55 |
2.7 |
53929 |
97.2 |
| KARNATAKA |
0.31 |
7.8 |
28.33 |
10.3 |
91387 |
100 |
| MADHYA PRADESH |
0.06 |
1.5 |
2.11 |
0.8 |
35167 |
97.3 |
| MAHARASHTRA |
0.46 |
11.6 |
38.18 |
13.8 |
83000 |
100 |
| ORISSA |
0.02 |
0.5 |
1.14 |
0.4 |
57000 |
100 |
| PUNJAB |
0.13 |
3.3 |
7.33 |
2.7 |
56385 |
94.9 |
| RAJASTHAN |
0.02 |
0.5 |
1.16 |
0.4 |
58000 |
96.4 |
| TAMIL NADU |
0.32 |
8.1 |
35.68 |
12.9 |
111500 |
100 |
| UTTAR PRADESH |
1.96 |
49.4 |
119.97 |
43.4 |
61209 |
51.4 |
| WEST BENGAL |
0.03 |
0.8 |
1.83 |
0.7 |
61000 |
70.9 |
| OTHERS |
0.02 |
0.5 |
1.07 |
0.4 |
- |
- |
| ALL-INDIA |
3.97 |
100 |
276.25 |
100 |
69647 |
88.5 |
Important World Sugar Markets
- BRAZIL
- AUSTRALIA
- U.S.
- CUBA
- PHILIPPINES
- CHINA
- BANGLADESH
- IRAN
White sugar average prices
USD/MT*
| Date |
Exchange rate, RUR/USD
|
EXW |
CPT |
| 20.12.2004 |
27,88 |
|
|
| 30.12.2004 |
27,75 |
|
|
| 20.01.2005 |
28,16 |
|
|
| 30.01.2005 |
28,09 |
|
|
| Notes: |
|
|
|
| *Average
prices: weighted average of most representative domestic country and
terminal markets. |
| * White sugar:
Sugar refinery, EXW; Central part of European Russia, terminal
markets. |
| Date |
Exchange rate, RUR/EUR
|
EXW |
CPT |
| 20.12.2004 |
36,96 |
|
|
| 30.12.2004 |
37,84 |
|
|
| 20.01.2005 |
36,65 |
|
|
| 30.01.2005 |
36,63 |
|
|
| Notes: |
|
|
|
| *Average
prices: weighted average of most representative domestic country and
terminal markets. |
| * White sugar:
Sugar refinery, EXW; Central part of European Russia, terminal
markets. |
Option Months
Regular options trade on futures contracts having March, May, July and
October delivery periods as well as a January expiration option which is
based upon the March futures contract. Serial options are short-life
options contracts providing additional option expirations on existing
futures contracts.
The Role of the Exchange
Since all futures and options contracts are standardized (with delivery
months and locations, quantity and grade constant), only price is
negotiable. These prices are determined by "open outcry"
trading on the exchange floor. The scene on the trading floor resembles
an auction of sorts, with competing buyers and sellers shouting and
gesturing. While this might appear chaotic to the casual observer, the
open outcry method assures that each trade is openly and competitively
executed. With open outcry, all market participants are afforded the
opportunity to buy or sell at the best available current price.
All trading activity is closely monitored by the Exchange according to
guidelines established by the CFTC. The Exchange is committed to
maintaining markets of the highest quality. To help fulfill this self-
regulatory mandate, the CSCE employs advanced technological systems to
perform a variety of surveillance and compliance procedures.
Consumption of Sugar
| Sugar Year |
Per capita consumption Kg
/ annum |
Total per
capita consumption Kg / annum |
| |
Sugar |
Gur & Khandsari |
|
| 1975-76 |
6.06 |
13.74 |
19.8 |
| 1980-81 |
7.28 |
12.46 |
19.74 |
| 1985-86 |
11.12 |
10.99 |
22.1 |
| 1990-91 |
12.6 |
10.66 |
23.25 |
| 1994-95 |
13.44 |
12.01 |
25.45 |
| 1995-96 |
13.85 |
9.08 |
22.93 |
| 1996-97 |
14.47 |
9 |
23.47 |
| 1997-98 |
15.56 |
8.99 |
24.55 |
| 1998-99 (P) |
16.13 |
9 |
25.13 |
| 1999-00 (P) |
16.92 |
8.88 |
25.8 |
| 2000-01 (P) |
17.75 |
8.72 |
26.47 |
| Group/ States |
1994-95 |
1995-96 |
| |
Urban |
Rural |
Avg. |
Urban |
Rural |
Avg. |
| Group I |
Above Rs10,000 |
Above Rs11,000 |
| Punjab |
68.1 |
21.1 |
32.1 |
71.5 |
22.2 |
33.7 |
| Haryana |
62.5 |
18 |
25.7 |
66.5 |
18.5 |
26.9 |
| Maharashtra |
38.9 |
18.9 |
24.3 |
40.9 |
19.7 |
25.9 |
| Gujarat |
38.9 |
17.3 |
21.9 |
40.9 |
18.1 |
22.9 |
|
| Group II |
Above Rs7,000-10,000 |
Above Rs7,500-11,000 |
| Kerala |
34.2 |
13 |
16 |
41.5 |
12.7 |
16.2 |
| TN |
27.7 |
12.2 |
15.5 |
29.1 |
12.8 |
16.2 |
| Karnataka |
22.2 |
10.6 |
12.2 |
23.3 |
11.1 |
12.8 |
| WB |
20 |
9.7 |
10.5 |
21 |
10.2 |
11.6 |
| AP |
18.8 |
9.4 |
9.8 |
19.7 |
9.9 |
10.3 |
|
| Group III |
Below Rs7,000 |
Below Rs7,500 |
| UP |
33.6 |
10 |
12 |
35.2 |
10.4 |
12.5 |
| Rajasthan |
30.2 |
10.1 |
11.9 |
31.6 |
10.6 |
12.5 |
| MP |
24.3 |
9.5 |
10.3 |
24.4 |
9.9 |
10.8 |
|
| All India |
30 |
11 |
13.6 |
31.5 |
11.5 |
14.3 |
International trade
Over the past fifty years, especially, the international trade in sugar
has changed dramatically. Since it is either imported or exported by
every country on earth, sugar has become an integral component of the
economic relationships among nations. Because of that unique position,
the trade in sugar has both reflected-and been affected by-a wide range
of divergent forces, including global politics, health consciousness,
the emergence of developing nations as suppliers and consumers, and many
others.
Perhaps the greatest change in the international sugar trade has been
the trend toward price stabilization. Historically at the mercy of
everything from war to weather, the price of sugar has always been
extremely volatile.
The International Sugar Trade contains the most essential and
up-to-date information currently available. It includes numerous tables
and graphs describing production, consumption, and trade for nearly
every country.
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